Windows Evolution

1985 – Windows 1.0

1987 – Windows 2.0

1990 – Windows 3.0

1992 – Windows 3.1

1995 – Windows 95

1996 – Windows NT 4.0

1998 – Windows 98

2000 – Windows 2000

2001 – Windows XP

2007 – Windows Vista

2009 - Windows 7

Internet censor

10. Tunisia

Tunisia has blocked thousands of websites, such as pornography, mail, search engine cached pages, online documents conversion and translation services. Tunisian internet service providers must report to the government the IP addresses and personal information of all bloggers on a regular basis, in order to keep them identified and under constant watch. All the traffic goes through a central net with which the government filters all content uploaded and monitors emails. Cyber dissidents including pro-democracy lawyer Mohammed Abbou have been jailed by the Tunisian government for their online activities.

9. Vietnam

The Government has created an agency exclusively to monitor the content on the internet, blocking websites critical to the Vietnamese government. The government of Vietnam asked Yahoo, Google and Microsoft to give out the information of all the bloggers that use their platforms. Vietnam is in ONI's pervasive category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. Online police reportedly monitor Internet cafes and cyber dissidents have been imprisoned for advocating democracy.

8. Turkmenistan

Internet usage in Turkmenistan is under tight control by the government. For most Turkmen the internet is considered a luxury due to its high cost, a strategy used by the government to discourage people from using it. The only internet service provider is the government, and it blocks access to a lot of sites, while monitoring all the email accounts in Gmail, Yahoo and Hotmail. Also, websites run by human rights organizations and news agencies are blocked, and any attempt to get around the censorship could lead to grave consequences. Internet is monitored thoroughly by the government as websites ran by human rights organizations and news agencies were blocked. Attempts to get around this censorship could lead to grave consequences.

7. Syria

In addition to filtering a wide range of Web content, the Syrian government monitors Internet use very closely and has detained citizens "for expressing their opinions or reporting information online." Any blogger who expresses any kind of anti-government feelings, or any kind of opinion that may “jeopardize national unity”, is arrested. Also sites that criticize the government are instantly blocked. Syria has banned websites for political reasons and arrested people accessing them. The owners of Cyber Cafes are obligated to ask all of their customers for identification, leave a name registration and time of use, and report them to the authorities. In addition to filtering a wide range of Web content, the Syrian government monitors Internet use very closely and has detained citizens “for expressing their opinions or reporting information online.”

6. People’s republic of China

China has the most rigid censorship program in the world. China blocks or filters Internet content relating to Tibetan independence, Taiwan independence, police brutality, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, freedom of speech, pornography, some international news sources and propaganda outlets, certain religious movements, and many blogging websites.

5. Iran

Iran Internet censorship is delegated to ISPs who attempt to filter contents critical of the government, pornographic websites, political blogs, and especially recently women's rights websites, weblogs, and online magazines. Bloggers that dare to criticize the government or any religious or political figure are detained and harassed. Bloggers in Iran have been imprisoned for their Internet activities. Most recently, the Iranian government temporarily blocked access, between 12 May 2006 and January 2009, to video-upload sites such as YouTube.com. Flickr, which was blocked for almost the same amount of time was opened in February 2009. But after 2009 election protests YouTube, Flickr, Twitter, Facebook and many more websites were blocked again.

4. Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan prevents access to websites regarding banned Islamic movements, independent media, NGOs, and material critical of the government's human rights violations. Some Internet cafes in the capital have posted warnings that users will be fined for viewing pornographic websites or website containing banned political material. Facebook was blocked for few days in 2010.

3. Cuba

Cuba has the lowest ratio of computers per inhabitant in Latin America, and the lowest internet access ratio of all the Western hemisphere. The government cites its citizens' access to internet services are limited due to high costs and the American embargo, but there are reports concerning the will of the government to control access to uncensored information both from and to the outer world. Citizens have to use government controlled “access points”, where their activity is monitored through IP blocking, keyword filtering and browsing history checking. Only pro-government bloggers and government employees are allowed to upload content to the internet.

2. Burma

Burma has a very low penetration rate due to both government restrictions on pricing and deliberate lack of facilities and infrastructure. Burma has banned the websites of political opposition groups, sites relating to human rights, and organizations promoting democracy in Burma. During the 2007 anti-government protests, Burma completely shut down all internet links from its country. However, internet usage is widely spread in the major cities and towns, with internet cafes and chat rooms. The internet speed is deliberately slowed and accessing a range of websites, from politics to pornography are banned by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications.

1. North Korea

The North Korean network is monitored heavily with only two websites being hosted under a domain name. All websites are under government control, as is all other media in North Korea. Only a few hundred thousand citizens in North Korea, representing about 4% of the total population, have access to the Internet, which is heavily censored by the national government.

Things You Didn’t Know About Microsoft

It really seems impossible that any one of you might not know about the Microsoft, but here is 10 facts you didn’t know about this company.
1. It is impossible to create a folder with the name “Con” or “con” on Microsoft operating systems and in case, you attempt to make one with the name C-o-n, you’ll get an error message saying that the drive name is invalid. The more unusual is the sound it makes when you attempt to create such a folder. Why would any name be invalid?
2. Secondly, when “=rand(200,99)” without quotations is entered or typed into Microsoft Word, something equivalent to (I must say) electronic sneeze occurs. If that line mentioned above is entered and then hit the ‘Enter’ key, the document is instantly filled with over four hundred thousand words. Another interesting fact is that when you scroll down the page, the setting has changed, so that you never scroll past a page break Have you observed it before?
3. Bill Gates, the founder and cornerstone of Microsoft officially left the company. Although, it was Bill Gates, who alongside Paul Allen started the company from the ground up. It was many of Bill Gates’ ideas that pushed Microsoft to be the top software company in the World. Now as Bill Gates left Microsoft, so let us all hope for their sake that some of his genius has worn off on the employees of the company.
4. Google challenges the supremacy of Microsoft by offering FREE software on the web some way behind. Now that Google has entered the competition with their free software and much more, now it seems increasingly difficult for Microsoft to keep its hold on its place in the heats and more importantly, the computers of their loyal customers, as now that Google offers for FREE its products as compared to the fairly expensive products offered by Microsoft. Now its time for a need of Bill Gates and his expertise to tackle the situation and proceed further.
5. Microsoft Windows is currently installed on almost over ninety percent of all computers worldwide. This is close to billions of computers. This is a true testament to the framework set for the company by its founders. Furthermore, Microsoft Office makes up a replica of around ninety percent of all office based software currently used on those same computers worldwide. Because of this, Microsoft has been ordered to pay an antitrust fine of four hundred and ninety seven million euros. This fine was ordered in 2004 and paid in 2007. Apparently not all people find it inspiring that Microsoft done so well.
6. Although everyone knows that Microsoft has created the Xbox game system which has people praising all over the internet. Xbox Gaming system is no doubt one of the best gaming system available today. It is not known to everybody, however, that the old Encarta program that was sold on CD for computer has been reincarnated online by Microsoft. In addition to this, the more popular Microsoft Mouse is also prominent. But above all, in competition with the ever popular Apple’s iPod, the Microsoft Zune is an alternate source for MP3 on the go.
7. MSNBC is a child, so to speak, of Microsoft. Up until they were equal owners in the television network. However, afterwards Microsoft decided that it was in its best interest to quit the partnership keeping its fifty-fifty hold over the MSNBC website which is still running strong.
8. Microsoft has been trading stocks since 1986. Whoever decided to buy stock in such a new company back in 1986 would today be very happy at the decision. Microsoft has the third highest stock market capitalization in the united States at a total of two hundred and seventy billion dollars. This puts them easily above and beyond its competitors like Google, Apple and IBM. It is amazing that the margin between companies with such similar products. Google is making a comeback with their aforementioned free software, but Apple may want to think twice before bragging about their own superiority.
9. Microsoft Corporation opened its first research lab in Redmond, Washington back in 1991. Because of this, it was one of the first computer companies to create its own computer science research organization.
10. The name of the company was at first Micro-Soft and was first conceived in a letter written by Bill Gates and sent to his partner Paul Allen. After it was first mentioned it was deemed to be better as one word and was shortened to what we all know today. The first mention of the name was in 1975 and stuck until it was officially trademarked a year later. It seemed that Bill and Paul liked the single word instead of the hyphenated Micro-Soft.

Modern Robots

Rich Walker demonstrates a robotic arm that was created to assist the military in the heart of the defense companies in Oxford on 11 February.


The dentist demonstrates the use of a new humanoid named Hanako, developed by engineers of the local universities of Tokyo. The robot will help future dentists in practice. There is Hanako teeth made of hard plastic, as well as a realistic mouth, which can bleed and is salivating like a normal person. The robot also recognizes the voice and speech, so that students can not only improve their professional abilities, but also learn how to communicate with patients.

Android from South Korea named "EveR-3″ in traditional costume during a performance in the musical in Seoul on February 18. Developed by South Korean robot, declared in the play "Princess of the robot and the Seven Dwarfs" is already assigned to other roles in this year.

Suspected Warren Taylor lying on the ground, surrendering the robot at the post office in Viteville December 23, 2009. Taylor is accused of hostage-taking.

Humanoid robot without a "face" presented at the largest exhibition of robots in Tokyo on November 28, 2009. This life-size robot designed to help dental students. His name is "Simroid" (short for "simulation" and "humanoid"). The robot has realistic skin, eyes and mouth, which you can put a copy of these teeth, so students can drill them. The robot, by the way, knows how to cry if something goes wrong treatment.

Four-legged robot named BigDog was created to help soldiers carry heavy equipment in the field.

A robot named Robovi-II, developed by Japanese robot research institution «ATR», goes to the supermarket during the shopingovogo "experiment in Kyoto on January 6. Robot welcomes customers at the entrance to the store, and then follows it up with a basket, recalling the products you want to buy. These products are the buyer in advance of making a list in a special device in the robot.

A graduate of Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kenton Williams checks the face robot named Nexia March 5.

Robot Company «The Shadow Robot» with gripper in the hand performs a task at the event «Streetwise Robots» at the Museum of Science 6 May 2008 in London. This robot has 40 muscles that allow him to make up to 24 movements.

These photos can be seen "Cyber Rights» HRP-4C, which looks like a typical Japanese girl. The robot expresses different emotions: anger (left) and surprise (right).

Captain Judith Gallagher units snipers demonstrates blast robot, known as the 'Dragon Runner' during the photo session, devoted to military technology, in London on 17 March. The robot weighs 10-20 kg and easily fits in a backpack soldier, moreover, he can work on rough surfaces.

Robot-English teacher standing in front of children in elementary school in Daejeon, 140 kilometers of tSeula, December 11, 2009. Robots teacher who never gets angry and do not make sarcastic remarks, made in some schools, the South Korean furor.

Robots collect cars «Nissan Patrol» on the company's plant «Nissan Shatai Kyushu Co.» In Kanda Town, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, February 24.

The new robot is the Japanese company «Kawada Industries» on behalf Neksteydzh cuts the ribbon along with other officials at the opening ceremony of the International Robot Exhibition in Tokyo November 25, 2009.


Playing soccer robots at the largest fair of technical innovations «CeBIT» March 2, 2010 in Hanover. The fair, held from 2 to 6 March, its products were 4157 companies from 68 countries.

An American soldier walks past a robot designed to mine sites, which is named after a cartoon robot Valley, Camp Lezernek in Helmand province on March 10.

Engineering student calms the child-robot during a presentation at the University of Tsukuba laboratory on 12 February. Robot Etaro laughing and waving legs, if you wave in front of him rattle, but it can cry and freaked out when tickle him too often.

An employee engineering company «Festo» dumbbells gives the robot 15 April 2007 in Hanover, on the eve of technological fairs.

Lunokhod-2 "(bright spot at the top left) and traces of ostalennye (weak in the center) on the surface of the Moon March 12, 2010. This photo was taken with the Lunar orbiter. Lunokhod-2 "landed on the moon on Jan. 15, 1973, and worked for almost four months, breaking the distance of 37 km.

Work passes the two-armed robot named "Motoman" the Japanese company «Yaskawa Electric» during final preparations for the industrial fair in Hanover April 18, 2008.

A soldier watches a robot-sapper in the administrative building in the province of Yala, about 1,084 kilometers south of Bangkok on February 18. A resident of the local village informed the police about a suspicious box on the street. The box had nothing.

Actor Branch Uorshem dances with a robot at the dress rehearsal of the musical "Robots" in theater "Barnaba" in Servione, near Lausanne, 22 April 2009. The musical tells the story of a man who went into voluntary exile with three robots (butler, pets and dancer), which comes to a woman, representing the last link with the human world.

In this photo released Feb. 16 by an Israeli company, you see a medium-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle with a long duration flight «Heron» for strategic and tactical missions. With a wingspan of up to 16.6 meters and a launch weight of 1250 kg, this aircraft can climb to 9144 meters and can fly up to 50 hours without stopping. At the moment, they are used by coalition forces in Afghanistan, relying on their ability to exploration and production information in real time, which they can deliver directly to commanders and soldiers on the front line.

Humanoid robot, designed specifically to attract the interest of students to the robot, is presented on a general review of Professor Nippon Institute of Technology Yuichi Nakazato (top right) in Miyashiro Dec. 19, 2009.

An Israeli expert on explosives controls the robot after the planned detonation of explosives on the beach Palmachim south of Tel Aviv on February 3.

Robot Mahr Zed (right), developed by the Korean Institute of Science and Technology, takes a toast in Seoul on January 15. South Korean scientists have developed a walking robot that can clean the house, throwing things in the washing machine and even reheat food in a microwave oven. The development of this robot at the Institute lasted two years. The robot 1,3 m high and weighs 55 kg.

View the crater of Concepción, made with NASA's Mars rover «Opportunity», in February 2010. Concepcion – a young crater, which is to research autonomous rovers «Opportunity». Using a system of autonomous research, rover analyzed the images to detect features that are most suitable criteria for the goal – in this case, the stones that were larger and darker. Then the rover used the program for Bole detailed examination object using a panoramic camera.

"Child-robot with biomimetricheskim body, or (abbreviated)" CB2 "examined in the laboratory in Osaka August 30, 2007. The robot is made "in the guise of" this child from one to three years to assist in exploring issues related to the development of children.

Student Branch «Imformatics PHD» Sebastian Bittser pressed close to a programmed Kondo humanoid in the building of the Forum «Imformatics» at the University of Edinburgh, September 3, 2008.

Robot Topio plays ping-pong on Mezhduanrodnoy exhibition of robots in Tokyo November 25, 2009. This dvuhpedalny humanoid robot created for the game of table tennis against the people.

Military self-propelled robot "Crusher" rides in the desert in New Mexico on Feb. 19, 2008. This six-wheeled vehicle weighing 6.5 tons and a machine gun 50-caliber on the roof has no driver, no places for the soldiers. "Crusher" – this is automatically controlled car that will never see this battle.

Amputated arm Pierpaolo Petrutstsiello electrodes connected to the robotic arm during the experiment, entitled "Hand of life" in the bio-medical campus of the University of Rome. The experiment was conducted to enable a person to manage their dentures mentally. In December 2009, a group of European scientists announced that they have successfully connected the robotic arm with the hand of man – Petrutstsiello, who lost his arm in a car accident. This allowed him to control an artificial power of thought and feeling different pulses in an artificial hand. The experiment lasted a month. Scientists say that this was the first time the amputee could do complex movements, using thoughts to control bio-mechanical arm attached to his nervous system.

Robotic arm for NASA's new Mars rover bent almost 90 degrees. Robotic arm is tested in the laboratory to develop a jet engine in Pasadena, California. The rover was named «Curiosity» (from English. "Curiosity") and should be launched in October 2011. The hand with special tools will move to collect samples of Martian rocks and soil. This hand is identical to the one that will be installed on the rover 

The Twitter Story

History of the computer

ENIAC, 1946
Regarded as the first general purpose electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was initially commissioned for the use in World War II, but not completed until one year after the war had ended . Installed at the University of Pennsylvania, its 40 separate eight-foot-high racks and 18,000 tubes were intended to help calculate ballistic trajectories.

SAGE, 1954
A gigantic computerized air defense system, SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) was designed to help the Air Force track radar data in real time. Equipped with technical advances such as modems and graphical displays, the machine weighed 300 tons and occupied one floor of a concrete blockhouse.

NEAC 2203, 1960
Manufactured by the Nippon Electric Company (NEC), the drum-based machine was one of the earliest transistorized Japanese computers. It was used for business, scientific and engineering applications.

IBM System/360, 1964
Part of a family of interchangeable computers, the IBM System/360 mainframe was the first to cover a complete range of applications, from small to large, from commercial to scientific. Users were able to enlarge or shrink their setup without having to make headache-inducing software upgrades as well. Higher-end System/360 models had roles in NASA's Apollo missions as well as air traffic control systems.

CDC 6600, 1964
For a time the fastest machine in the world, Control Data Corporation's 6600 machine was designed by noted computer architect Seymour Cray. It retained its speed crown until 1969, when Cray designed his next supercomputer.

DEC PDP-8, 1965
The first successful commercial minicomputer, the PDP-8, made by the Digital Equipment Corporation, sold more than 50,000 units upon its release, the most of any computer up to that time. Years before Apple and Gnu/Linux offered alternatives to the dominant IBM/Microsoft paradigms, DEC proposed its own vision, by encouraging users to educate themselves and take part in the evolution of the line.

Interface Message Processor, 1969
Conceived at the height of the Cold War, when the U.S. government sought a way to keep its network of computers alive in case certain nodes were destroyed in a nuclear attack or other hostile act, the IMP featured the first generation of gateways, which are today known as routers. As such, IMP performed a critical task in the development of the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), the world's first operational packet switching network, and the predecessor of the contemporary global Internet.

Kenbak-1, 1971
Often considered the world's first "personal computer" the Kenbak was touted as an easy-to-use educational tool, but it failed to sell more than several dozen units. Lacking a microprocessor, it had only 256 bytes of computing power and its only output was a series of blinking lights.

Cray-1, 1976
At the time of its release, the Cray-1, above, was the fastest computing machine at the world. Despite its price tag between $5 and $10 million it sold well. It is one of the many machines designed by Seymour Cray, a computer architect who devoted his life to the creation of so-called supercomputers, machines which prioritized processing capacity and speed of calculation.

Apple I, 1976
Initially conceived by Steve Wozniak (a.k.a. "Woz") as a build-it-yourself kit computer, Apple I was initially rejected by his bosses at Hewlett-Packard. Undeterred, he offered it to Silicon Valley's Homebrew Computer Club and, together with his friend Steve Jobs, managed to sell 50 pre-built models to The Byte Shop in Mountain View, California. The suggested retail price: $666. Though sales were low, the machine paved the way for the smash success of the Apple II.

IBM Personal Computer, 1981
Featuring an independent keyboard, printer and monitor, the slick, complete-looking package that was the IBM PC helped push personal computing out of the hobbyist's garage and into the corporate and consumer mainstream. Its immense commercial success made it the hallmark of personal computing for many years and led other manufacturers to produce similar desktop models.

Osborne 1 Portable Computer, 1981
The first commercial portable computer, the Osborne weighed 24 lbs. and cost less than $2,000. It gained popularity because of its low price and the extensive software library that came with it

Hewlett-Packard 150, 1983
Representing the first step in a technology widely available today, the HP 150 was the first commercially available computer with touch screen technology. The 9-inch computer screen was surrounded by infrared transmitters and receivers that detected the position of the user's finger.

Deep Blue, 1997
Begun at IBM in the late 80's, the Deep Blue project was an attempt at using parallel processing to solve a difficult problem namely, beating the best chess player in the world, Garry Kasparov. During a six-game match, which Kasparov ultimately lost, the confounded master attributed one move to "the hand of God."

iPhone, 2007
The handy little device introduced by Apple CEO Steve Jobs in 2007 not only brings together internet access, a regular cell phone, camera and media player, it supports a wide variety of third party applications, or apps, that supply everything from recipes to maps of the night sky, and wraps it all in a sleek, glossy exterior.

iPad, 2010
And now the tablet is finally here. It's called an iPad, and it's half an inch thick, weighs 1.5 pounds and features a 9.7 inch display. As Steve Jobs says in the presentation above, the device has a 10-hour battery life, so you'll be able to use all the 3rd-party apps, games, video and online newspapers you want. The Wi-Fi iPad begins at $499 while the 3G version begins at $629.